chunk_id stringlengths 11 58 | origin stringclasses 3
values | question stringlengths 276 3.34k | options unknown | ground_truth stringclasses 11
values | num_options int64 2 11 | model stringclasses 1
value | nota_type stringclasses 2
values |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pes2o_235479070_7 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The modified pseudo-interporosity flow rate from the matrix system to the fracture system is defined by the time-fractional derivative of the p... | {
"1": "because the compressibility shifts with saturation",
"2": "because the viscosity remains constant with temperature",
"3": "because the viscosity increases with temperature",
"4": "because the porosity drops below 15 percent",
"5": "because the density changes with salinity",
"6": "because the therma... | 9 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_213922297_5 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The reflection criterion quantifies the counterclockwise deviation of type curves from the master curve due to isobar reflection at the fractur... | {
"1": "always higher than the values of the arrival criterion",
"2": "always higher than the values of the bilinear criterion",
"3": "always equal to the values of the transition criterion",
"4": "always lower than the values of the transition criterion",
"5": "never higher than the values of the transition ... | 6 | 6 | null | |
pes2o_244026224_11 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In this subsection, we use the proposed semi-analytical model to conduct a type-curve fitting on production well S in [MASK]. This well is loca... | {
"1": "Sichuan Basin, China",
"2": "Qaidam Basin, China",
"3": "Junggar Basin, China",
"4": "Tarim Basin, China",
"5": "Ordos Basin, China",
"6": "Kuqa Depression, China",
"7": "Erguna Basin, China",
"8": "Songliao Basin, China"
} | 5 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_237462144_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The value of deliverability exponents depends on the flow characteristics and usually within a range of 0. -1.0. The closer it is to 1.0, the m... | {
"1": "the bigger the total compressibility value, the faster the AOF value increases",
"2": "the bigger the total compressibility value, the smaller the permeability value becomes",
"3": "the bigger the total compressibility value, the 5% smaller the AOF value becomes",
"4": "the bigger the total viscosity va... | 5 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_238996054_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
It is observed that the RPV system vibrates violently when the valve is closed, accompanied by a series of abnormal click sounds. At the same t... | {
"1": "the pressure acting on the valve opposes the vapor",
"2": "the pressure acting on the valve below the vapor",
"3": "the pressure acting on the valve without the vapor",
"4": "the pressure acting on the valve equals the liquid",
"5": "the pressure acting on the valve negates the vapor",
"6": "the pre... | 7 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_248763404_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
A block in the Sulige gas field is a tight reservoir with poor overall physical properties and complex pore structure, with a porosity of 5%-12... | {
"1": "5 years after production",
"2": "before production begins",
"3": "5 and a half years after drilling",
"4": "5 and a half years after production",
"5": "6 and a half years after production"
} | 4 | 5 | null | |
pes2o_229411696_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The physical processes governing dissolved solute behavior through the control volume are advection and hydrodynamic dispersion due to mechanic... | {
"1": "resulting in measured fluxes that are larger than in the disturbed surrounding sediment",
"2": "resulting in measured fluxes that are larger than in the undisturbed surrounding sediment",
"3": "resulting in measured fluxes that are smaller by a factor of two than in the undisturbed surrounding sediment",
... | 2 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_213922297_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Understanding the different flow regimes in fractured reservoirs has always been key in the interpretation and evaluation of hydraulic well tes... | {
"1": "that only two analytical solutions are available for the pressure diffusivity equation when considering injection or production at constant pressure in fractured geologic media",
"2": "that no analytical solutions are available for the heat conduction equation when considering injection or production at con... | 4 | 4 | null | |
pes2o_202039973_11 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The energy return values on the input of the production tests in the reservoir were [MASK]. However, the test results and monitoring data revea... | {
"1": "substantially less than 1 (<30)",
"2": "moderately higher than 1 (>80)",
"3": "considerably larger than 1 (>100)",
"4": "considerably smaller than 1 (<0.5)",
"5": "approximately equal to 1 (~1.0)",
"6": "negligibly different from 0 (~0.1)",
"7": "drastically reduced below 1 (<15)",
"8": "margina... | 3 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_221779230_6 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
An analysis of the decay curve from 4. MPa with a Cooper-Neuzil model results in an estimated transmissivity of 9.2×10-12 m2/s, which is [MASK]... | {
"1": "more than one order magnitude increase",
"2": "exactly three times higher than before",
"3": "directly proportional to the decay time constant",
"4": "within the same order of magnitude as previous estimates",
"5": "only when temperature exceeded 50C",
"6": "approximately two orders magnitude increa... | 1 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_230544156_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In real space, the dimensionless production rate can be obtained using [MASK] to convert the Laplace domain solution back to the time domain. T... | {
"1": "Docherty numerical inversion",
"2": "None of the above",
"3": "Fourier numerical inversion",
"4": "Laplace series expansion",
"5": "Stehfest analytical inversion",
"6": "Stehfest numerical integration",
"7": "Stehfest iterative inversion",
"8": "Stehfest algebraic inversion",
"9": "Stehfest di... | 2 | 9 | nota_correct | |
pes2o_59490596_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The pressure drawdown for the PSS solution is time independent, and is not equal zero. Hence The difference in pressure drawdowns ∆p(t) can be ... | {
"1": "the condition (35) follows",
"2": "the condition (35) fails",
"3": "the stability criterion follows",
"4": "the condition (36) follows",
"5": "the uniqueness proof follows",
"6": "the convergence result follows",
"7": "the bound on F1 follows",
"8": "the Lemma 3.2 follows"
} | 1 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_250670502_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
We consider an inverse boundary value problem for a one-dimensional multilayer rod to identify its physical properties by a measurement at its ... | {
"1": "the Fourier-Laplace transformation",
"2": "the Radon transformation",
"3": "the inverse Fourier-Laplace transformation",
"4": "the Fourier-Laplace transformation over the complex plane",
"5": "the Fourier-Laplace transformation in the frequency domain",
"6": "the Hilbert transformation",
"7": "the... | 1 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_55294141_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Modeling liquid flow for well test interpretation considers constant values of both density and compressibility within the range of dealt press... | {
"1": "the Horner's Superposition technique (HST)",
"2": "the Tiab's Direct Synthesis technique (TDS) requiring steady state",
"3": "the Bourdet Type Curve Matching technique (BTCM)",
"4": "the Earlougher's Type Curve technique (ETC)",
"5": "the Tiab's Direct Synthesis technique (TDS)",
"6": "the Type Curv... | 5 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_119383261_6 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Since the TE mode is much more sensitive than the TM mode to the inductive effect of a vertical resistivity contrast, we interpret the finding ... | {
"1": "which indicates horizontal resistivity layers",
"2": "which negates the geological model",
"3": "which occurs above 1 Hz frequency",
"4": "which stems from induction loop effects",
"5": "which only applies to periods below 1 second",
"6": "which results from galvanic coupling effects",
"7": "which... | 9 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_216252787_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The drawdown of the water level in a "real" well depends on the resistance of the aquifer and the so called "additional losses" or resistance g... | {
"1": "the Darcy coefficient",
"2": "the drawdown ratio",
"3": "the Reynolds number",
"4": "the interference factor",
"5": "the positive skin value",
"6": "the skin number",
"7": "the negative skin value",
"8": "the specific capacity",
"9": "the damage index",
"10": "the skin factor"
} | 10 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_202188515_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Scientific and industrial coring programs and the advent of wellbore image logs have revolutionized our understanding of fractures and have rev... | {
"1": "12,000 m and pressures of 280 MPa",
"2": "12,000 m and pressures of 300 MPa"
} | 2 | 2 | null | |
pes2o_237578174_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The main purpose of this work is to present an interpretation method for injectivity test in a two-layer reservoir that can be extended to a mu... | {
"1": "the Crump algorithm",
"2": "the Weeks algorithm",
"3": "the Talbot contour method",
"4": "the Fourier series inversion",
"5": "the Stehfest Algorithm",
"6": "the Euler-Maclaurin summation",
"7": "the Dubner and Abate method",
"8": "the de Hoog algorithm",
"9": "the Durbin algorithm"
} | 5 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_181834552_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The productive facies are point bars. Rock total porosity is 21% to 27% with 13% to 15% primary, 3% to 4% secondary dissolution, and 5% to 8% m... | {
"1": "because of their low primary porosity",
"2": "of their low natural permeability",
"3": "due to excessive faulting activity",
"4": "due to their rapid pressure depletion rates",
"5": "due to their high fluid viscosity",
"6": "of their high natural permeability",
"7": "because of their low matrix co... | 2 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_221237055_9 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
To ensure that the processing results of well-testing data are in line with the dynamic changes of actual downhole geological parameters, we fi... | {
"1": "based on Savitzky-Golay filtering",
"2": "based on Kalman estimates",
"3": "based on surface playback data",
"4": "based on sym6 coefficients",
"5": "based on wavelet reconstruction",
"6": "based on raw pressure gauge readings",
"7": "based on PSO parameters",
"8": "based on support vector machi... | 2 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_204938815_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Three pumping test data sets are used in this study to validate the applicability and accuracy of the proposed method. Set 1 is synthetic data ... | {
"1": "None of the above",
"2": "uniformly distributed observational errors up to 5% are randomly added",
"3": "up to 5% following a uniform distribution are randomly added",
"4": "up to 5% without distribution",
"5": "5% are randomly added",
"6": "10% are randomly added",
"7": "up to 8% are randomly add... | 5 | 7 | nota_distractor | |
pes2o_244920854_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In this subsection, we consider tube waves generated at a poroelastic layer sandwiched between elastic layers. The thickness of the poroelastic... | {
"1": "due to the mismatch in compressional wave velocities",
"2": "due to the mismatch in shear wave velocities",
"3": "due to the mismatch in density values",
"4": "because the shear wave velocities increase with depth",
"5": "because the shear wave velocities match perfectly",
"6": "due to the mismatch ... | 2 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_232766115_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Gas flow has a specific signature in the noise spectrum and much better penetration capabilities than liquids. Therefore, gas generates noise i... | {
"1": "through vibrations of rock grains of 1-5 microns and pore throats",
"2": "through vibrations of rock grains of uniform sizes and pore throats",
"3": "through vibrations of fluid molecules of various sizes and pore throats",
"4": "through compression of rock grains of various sizes and pore throats",
"... | 7 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_242164971_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Selection of conversion is generally based on efficiency, so thermal energy can be converted efficiently. There are several approaches that can... | {
"1": "a double flash system",
"2": "a Kalina cycle system",
"3": "a binary cycle system",
"4": "a direct use system",
"5": "an organic Rankine cycle",
"6": "a single flash system",
"7": "a triple flash system",
"8": "a dry steam turbine system"
} | 1 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_229437833_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Fracturing stimulation has been widely applied in the development of tight hydrocarbon formations. Hydrocarbons are efficiently extracted from ... | {
"1": "None of the above",
"2": "due to the high-velocity flow within hydraulic fracture",
"3": "due to the high-velocity flow within the rock matrix",
"4": "due to the high-velocity flow within the perforation tunnel",
"5": "due to the high-velocity flow within hydraulic fracture without turbulence",
"6":... | 2 | 11 | nota_distractor | |
pes2o_125459334_8 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The purpose of this paper was to present the generalized ray solution for the 3-D pressure field in a rigid-bottom, fast-speed fluid-bottom, an... | {
"1": "much higher than",
"2": "equal to those in",
"3": "inversely proportional to",
"4": "one order of magnitude less than",
"5": "twice as high as",
"6": "marginally higher than",
"7": "attenuated relative to",
"8": "slightly lower than",
"9": "independent of those in",
"10": "50% higher than"
} | 1 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_102508177_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The deconvolution based on Duhamel principle has been widely applied in the well testing technology in reservoir engineering. The inverse probl... | {
"1": "relatively higher stability",
"2": "significantly higher noise sensitivity",
"3": "increased oscillatory behavior",
"4": "relatively lower stability",
"5": "increased curvature of the z function",
"6": "only marginal stability",
"7": "conditional stability",
"8": "slightly lower stability",
"9... | 1 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_110218430_4 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
It is recommended to model the top of the pipes in computer models, because the dynamic behaviour may change significantly at low pressures [MA... | {
"1": "due to water hammer or transient surge",
"2": "due to predictable damping effects at low pressures",
"3": "due to valve closure or pump start-up",
"4": "due to liquid freezing or boiling",
"5": "due to turbulence intensity or eddy viscosity fluctuations",
"6": "due to water hammer or friction loss",... | 10 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_214472273_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The groundwater flow of observation wells under the leaky aquifer which is a horizontal plane may be analyzed with the aquifer technique. The H... | {
"1": "constant injection rate",
"2": "constant discharge rate",
"3": "average discharge rate",
"4": "maximum discharge rate",
"5": "decreasing discharge rate",
"6": "constant discharge volume",
"7": "increasing discharge rate",
"8": "without discharge rate",
"9": "variable discharge rate"
} | 2 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_236529513_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In this paper, an analytical trilinear model was developed to investigate the complex dual-porosity system of a naturally fractured reservoir. ... | {
"1": "linear superposition of initial conditions",
"2": "via exponential decay approximation",
"3": "inverse Laplace transform of the matrix block only",
"4": "Laplace transform inversion of source terms",
"5": "linear superposition of boundary conditions",
"6": "numerical discretization of flow equations... | 5 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_232295663_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The piezo-active element of the PPT is encapsulated into a polymeric case, made of Kapton, with a thickness of 0.1 mm and then glued on the def... | {
"1": "the direct piezoelectric effect converting mechanical stress",
"2": "the direct piezoelectric effect converting shear strain",
"3": "the magnetostrictive effect converting mechanical stress",
"4": "the electrostrictive effect converting mechanical stress",
"5": "the direct piezoelectric effect convert... | 1 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_197444287_7 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
For cases in which conventional well tests are not doable, be it that interruption of reservoir production or production from the tested well i... | {
"1": "very effective to remove",
"2": "based on Fourier transform to remove",
"3": "polynomial fitting methods to remove",
"4": "effective only for linear trends to remove",
"5": "less effective than method 0 to remove",
"6": "unable to remove initial transient effects",
"7": "effective only with consta... | 1 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_245256256_5 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The simulation calculation shows that the single-phase seepage transient model of horizontal wells can simulate and reflect the changes of hori... | {
"1": "the heuristic coupling",
"2": "the non-linear decoupling",
"3": "the empirical calibration",
"4": "the turbulent dominance",
"5": "the approximate superposition",
"6": "the accurate coupling",
"7": "the inviscid assumption",
"8": "the laminar approximation",
"9": "the quasi-steady coupling",
... | 6 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_253851525_4 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In order to verify that the measurements are coherent with the measured operating conditions, the speed of sound has been computed from the exp... | {
"1": "because the pressure gradient is still very low for that portion of the signal, making the influence of noise more significant",
"2": "because the pressure gradient is still very low for that portion of the signal, making the influence of quantization error more significant"
} | 1 | 2 | null | |
pes2o_55852892_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The first analytical method for the evaluation of (transient) pumping test data was developed by Theis (1935) for an aquifer with very specific... | {
"1": "the estimation of specific yield",
"2": "the optimization of hydraulic parameters",
"3": "the calibration of numerical models",
"4": "the estimation of water quality indices",
"5": "the calibration of hydraulic parameters",
"6": "the estimation of fracture aperture",
"7": "the estimation of hydrau... | 9 | 10 | nota_correct | |
pes2o_253001674_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Serpentinization and carbonation of mantle rocks are fundamentally important processes for a spectrum of geoscience topics, including arc volca... | {
"1": "when a critical pressure, likely associated with a capillary barrier at a flow constriction, causes phase separation",
"2": "when a lithostatic pressure, likely associated with a capillary barrier at a flow constriction, is reached",
"3": "when a critical pressure, likely associated with a capillary barri... | 3 | 6 | null | |
pes2o_254076044_4 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
When observations from the drawdown experiment were excluded, ebullitive CH4 flux was unrelated to changes in barometric pressure, but increase... | {
"1": "heat gain to the atmosphere at night and resulting buoyancy-generated turbulence",
"2": "heat loss to the atmosphere at night and resulting buoyancy-generated turbulence during the day",
"3": "heat loss to the atmosphere at night and resulting buoyancy-generated turbulence",
"4": "heat loss to the atmos... | 3 | 4 | null | |
pes2o_244184563_8 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Although Meinzer and Hard (1925) and Meinzer (1928) realized the importance of compressibility and elasticity of aquifers in the 1920s, the dom... | {
"1": "due to the high cost of measuring storage coefficients",
"2": "due to the influence of the Cooper-Jacob approximation",
"3": "due to the persistence of steady-state assumptions",
"4": "due to the preference for analytical over numerical methods",
"5": "due to the complexity of implementing transient s... | 3 | 11 | nota_distractor | |
pes2o_244957736_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Hard-rock aquifers usually present two-staged aquifers depending on the degree of weathering, a shallow saprolite aquifer that maintains the or... | {
"1": "weathering of hydrosilicates",
"2": "precipitation of hydrosilicates",
"3": "weathering of native elements",
"4": "weathering of evaporites",
"5": "oxidation of hydrosilicates",
"6": "weathering of halides",
"7": "formation of hydrosilicates",
"8": "weathering of carbonates",
"9": "reduction o... | 1 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_33797625_8 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
One of the advantages of the semi-analytic method outlined in this paper is that it enables us to make certain deductions about the magnitude o... | {
"1": "insufficient conductivity of unpropped fractures",
"2": "insufficient transmissibility of natural fractures",
"3": "insufficient conductivity of natural fractures",
"4": "chemical precipitation in the wellbore",
"5": "insufficient conductivity of hydraulic fractures",
"6": "insufficient conductivity... | 3 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_236556544_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
A generalized mathematical model of the radial groundwater flow to or from a well is studied using the time-fractional derivative with Mittag-L... | {
"1": "provided that the system exhibits super-diffusive behavior only",
"2": "provided that the system exhibits purely sub-diffusive behavior",
"3": "provided that the system exhibits anomalous diffusion",
"4": "provided that the system exhibits standard Gaussian transport",
"5": "provided that the system e... | 3 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_102646442_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In this section, we investigate how different fracture geometry, contact parameters and reservoir properties impact the fracture compliance/sti... | {
"1": "average in-situ stress",
"2": "35 MPa in this case",
"3": "40 MPa in this case",
"4": "at the maximum in-situ stress"
} | 2 | 4 | null | |
pes2o_121507017_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The non-uniqueness on the dependence of the parameters of the triple porosity model, when primary flow is only taking place in one of the netwo... | {
"1": "of the Gauss-Newton minimization problem",
"2": "of the convex optimization problem",
"3": "to the convergence of the NLS minimization problem",
"4": "to the uniqueness of the NLS minimization problem",
"5": "of the Levenberg-Marquardt method",
"6": "of the Gauss-Newton algorithm",
"7": "to the st... | 8 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_225811165_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Hydrogeologists and other water experts agree on that the effective groundwater management requires: firstly, a good understanding of the aquif... | {
"1": "95 – 100% only during dry season",
"2": "95 – 100%",
"3": "85 – 90% under optimal conditions",
"4": "90 – 95%"
} | 2 | 4 | null | |
pes2o_225936417_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In case of non-stationary well operation, the well flow rate increases and its water cut decreases in comparison with stationary and periodic o... | {
"1": "by 3.82 percentage points due to gas lift activation",
"2": "by 3.82 percentage points in absolute terms",
"3": "by 3.82 percentage points under reduced reservoir pressure",
"4": "by 3.82 percentage points normalized to standard conditions",
"5": "by 3.82 percentage points via improved separation effi... | 10 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_119229242_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The Newton-Marchenko and the Gel'fand-Levitan equations might look similar but they are rather different. The former needs illumination from al... | {
"1": "for t >= t f",
"2": "for t > 2t f",
"3": "for t = t f",
"4": "during the focusing process",
"5": "for t > t f",
"6": "for t <= t f",
"7": "for t > t s",
"8": "for t < t f",
"9": "for t < 0"
} | 5 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_237673793_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
A number of different factors can affect flow performance in perforated completions, such as perforation density, perforation damage, and tunne... | {
"1": "geotechnical radial core plug set-up",
"2": "hydraulic linear flow set-up",
"3": "geotechnical radial flow system",
"4": "None of the above",
"5": "geotechnical radial flow chamber",
"6": "geotechnical radial flow set-up",
"7": "geotechnical radial displacement set-up",
"8": "geotechnical radial... | 6 | 11 | nota_distractor | |
pes2o_102508177_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
B-spline generation process; and the distribution range of the knots must cover the time range of these measured pressure data. The selection o... | {
"1": "the Newton-Raphson method",
"2": "the Powell's Dog Leg method",
"3": "the Conjugate Gradient method",
"4": "the Steepest Descent with line search",
"5": "the Trust Region Reflective algorithm",
"6": "the BFGS quasi-Newton method",
"7": "the Variable Metric Chord method",
"8": "the Broyden's Quas... | 2 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_246553387_7 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
All wells at Nest Road exhibit tidal fluctuations: the deepest boreholes BH02 and BH03 exhibit a range of up to 0.5 m, BH04 exhibits an amplitu... | {
"1": "a weakly confined (low storage) response",
"2": "a highly confined (zero storage) response",
"3": "a highly confined (high storage) response",
"4": "a highly confined (high porosity) response",
"5": "a highly confined (low storage) response",
"6": "a highly transmissive (low storage) response",
"7... | 5 | 7 | null | |
pes2o_225339542_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Groundwater flow in the peripheral area of Mt. Epomeo is mainly influenced by the nature of the aquifer formations. In the northern, western, a... | {
"1": "due to the mixing of meteoric recharge",
"2": "due to the filtration of seawater intrusion",
"3": "due to the adsorption of dissolved ions",
"4": "due to the mixing of geothermal brines",
"5": "due to the separation of meteoric recharge",
"6": "due to the exclusion of meteoric recharge",
"7": "due... | 1 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_125366822_4 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In order to test the stability of the improved deconvolution algorithm, a 5% random relative error is added into the measured wellbore pressure... | {
"1": "that the derivative calculation inherently filters out the random relative error",
"2": "that the deconvolved wellbore pressure is more tolerant to the systematic errors",
"3": "that the deconvolved wellbore pressure represents a cumulative effect that averages out local fluctuations",
"4": "that the de... | 5 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_244773365_6 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In successive steps then we subtract this from the data h to get h 1 (t) = h(t) − c 1 t −α 1 and now seek to recover the next lowest α power fr... | {
"1": "without the Tauberian theorem",
"2": "the Laplace inversion formula",
"3": "the Wiener-Khinchin theorem",
"4": "the Plancherel theorem",
"5": "using the Tauberian conjecture",
"6": "the Paley-Wiener theorem",
"7": "the Tauberian theorem",
"8": "the Riemann-Lebesgue lemma",
"9": "the Mellin tra... | 7 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_214612212_6 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In this study, however, the DRT is governed by the Lagrangian-type Jacobi equation. In the discussion below, we summarize the minimum criteria,... | {
"1": "the absence of two caustics along a stationary ray path",
"2": "the absence of conjugate points along a stationary ray path",
"3": "the absence of caustics along a nearby ray path",
"4": "the absence of three caustics along a stationary ray path",
"5": "the absence of caustics along the central ray on... | 7 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_212776135_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The study on the heterogeneity of an aquifer is important to the analysis of groundwater flow and contaminant transport. The heterogeneity of a... | {
"1": "caused by local variations of thermal properties",
"2": "caused by temporal variations of hydraulic properties",
"3": "caused by local variations of effective porosity",
"4": "caused by global averages of hydraulic properties",
"5": "caused by local variations of coefficient of dispersity",
"6": "No... | 6 | 9 | nota_correct | |
pes2o_239653031_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In inclined perforated well cases, when the direction of perforations is perpendicular to the wellbore or parallel to the radial flow direction... | {
"1": "results from an increase in the cross-area in the radial flow direction combined with a decrease in the flow convergence effect",
"2": "results from an increase in the cross-area in the axial flow direction combined with a decrease in the flow convergence effect",
"3": "results from an increase in the cro... | 1 | 5 | null | |
pes2o_133192543_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The residual gravity changes, taken as the difference between the observed and the calculated gravity effect of ground water level changes at e... | {
"1": "(up to 45 µgal)",
"2": "(up to 30 µgal)",
"3": "(exactly 30 µgal)",
"4": "(minimum 30 µgal)",
"5": "(up to 30 nGal)"
} | 2 | 5 | null | |
pes2o_122497426_5 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In this paper, we have presented solutions for the pressure transient behavior of horizontal wells intersected by multiple hydraulic and/or nat... | {
"1": "using a three-stage flash separation process",
"2": "using a two-stage pyrolysis process",
"3": "using a two-stage flash separation process without catalyst",
"4": "preventing a two-stage flash separation process",
"5": "using a single-stage flash separation process",
"6": "using a two-stage hydrocr... | 8 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_244822324_4 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The finite-frequency phase shift is larger if a smaller γ is used, when the width of filter widens to include more frequencies. The phase shift... | {
"1": "∼12 times smaller",
"2": "∼18 times larger",
"3": "∼18 times smaller",
"4": "no more than 18 times smaller",
"5": "∼18 times greater"
} | 3 | 5 | null | |
pes2o_247572366_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The use of copulas in this study plays a key role in the bivariate analysis of groundwater drawdown with pumping time. Copulas link CDF of marg... | {
"1": "because their basic logic and computational formulas are quite different",
"2": "because their basic logic and sampling methods are quite different",
"3": "because their basic logic and computational formulas are functionally equivalent",
"4": "because their basic logic and computational formulas are in... | 1 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_233615860_4 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The created software was used to evaluate several real pumping tests, and the resulting additional resistance values were compared with those f... | {
"1": "if the pumping test sections are limited to the equilibrium phase",
"2": "when the aquifer transmissivity remains constant throughout the entire test duration",
"3": "when the aquifer transmissivity remains constant throughout the test",
"4": "provided the initial well storage coefficient is known a pri... | 6 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_240597253_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Tarim Basin newly discovered the fault-karst carbonate reservoirs, which are formed by the large-scale tectonic fault activities and multiple-s... | {
"1": "the gravity effect could lead to unit-slope pressure and pressure derivative curves",
"2": "the gravity effect could eliminate unit-slope pressure and pressure derivative curves",
"3": "the viscous drag could lead to unit-slope pressure and pressure derivative curves",
"4": "the buoyancy effect could le... | 1 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_243888994_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
This is because, at early times, a sudden constant head applied near the borehole; the injection water gradually flows into the aquifer. Meanwh... | {
"1": "the hydraulic head increases slower due to higher conductivity",
"2": "the hydraulic head increases slower only when n is less than 1",
"3": "the hydraulic head reaches equilibrium earlier in the test",
"4": "the hydraulic head increases faster if storage values are high",
"5": "the hydraulic head inc... | 5 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_234321725_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
According to the approach to accounting for product inflow to the bottom of the well, the methods for processing pressure recovery curves (PRC)... | {
"1": "only if the temperature is maintained above 50°C",
"2": "only if the fluid viscosity is below 1.5 cP",
"3": "only if the pressure is restored quickly (within 12-65 minutes)",
"4": "only if the fluid viscosity is measured continuously",
"5": "only if the bottomhole pressure drop is less than 5 MPa",
... | 8 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_73574222_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
High net:gross fluvial reservoirs are often cross-flow in their internal drainage nature and cross-flow reservoirs are recognised as the most c... | {
"1": "as there are no vertically extensive reservoir barriers present",
"2": "as there are no laterally extensive top seal barriers present",
"3": "as there are no laterally extensive permeability barriers present",
"4": "as there are no laterally extensive porosity trends present",
"5": "as there are no la... | 7 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_234186933_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The structure of oil reserves in Russia currently has its own special characteristics. Many large oilfields are at the final stage of developme... | {
"1": "between 48 and 72 hours",
"2": "between 12 and 24 hours",
"3": "between 48 and 72 days"
} | 1 | 3 | null | |
pes2o_225439260_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In deep geothermal boreholes, an effect of temperature (so-called thermal lift) is observed, which results in the volumetric expansion of the f... | {
"1": "as the fluid viscosity decreases",
"2": "as the temperature increases",
"3": "as the thermal gradient flattens",
"4": "when the reservoir pressure drops",
"5": "as the temperature decreases",
"6": "as the fluid density increases",
"7": "via adiabatic compression effects",
"8": "as the depth incr... | 2 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_234123081_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Relative permeabilities (RP) play an important role in reservoir engineering. RP functions together with the permeability anisotropy coefficien... | {
"1": "the Kalman filter algorithm has been applied",
"2": "the Newton-Raphson method has been applied",
"3": "the least squares method has been applied",
"4": "the genetic algorithm method has been applied",
"5": "the Monte Carlo simulation method has been applied",
"6": "the Bayesian inference method has... | 3 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_233532721_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The conducted study confirms that the selection of candidate wells for the application of the hydraulic fracturing technology has to be carried... | {
"1": "above the overburden pressure",
"2": "below the fracture gradient",
"3": "above the vapor pressure",
"4": "above the saturation pressure",
"5": "above the critical pressure",
"6": "above the bubble point pressure",
"7": "above the dew point pressure",
"8": "above the fracture pressure"
} | 4 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_247929291_4 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The additional reversed bistable membrane helps to improve the breakthrough pressure of the middle main air circuit. When both the up and down ... | {
"1": "when the input pressure reaches 182 kPa",
"2": "when the input pressure reaches 128 kPa",
"3": "when the input pressure stabilizes at 182 kPa",
"4": "when the input pressure remains under 182 kPa",
"5": "when the input pressure decreases to 182 kPa",
"6": "when the input pressure drops below 182 kPa... | 1 | 7 | null | |
pes2o_230349291_5 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In the early 1930s, the high demand for groundwater led to evaluation of groundwater in different parts of the United States and pumping tests ... | {
"1": "in highly fractured basalt flows",
"2": "in low-permeability aquifers",
"3": "in permeable limestone caverns",
"4": "in high-yield sandstone units",
"5": "in high-permeability aquifers",
"6": "in coarse-grained alluvial fans",
"7": "under equilibrium flow conditions",
"8": "in unconsolidated gra... | 2 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_204255380_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
High rate gas wells are affected by non-Darcy flow behavior, and this flow near to the sand face in gas wells is the origin of the rate depende... | {
"1": "due to rotational nature",
"2": "due to turbulent nature",
"3": "due to gravitational nature",
"4": "due to inertial nature",
"5": "due to viscous nature",
"6": "due to oscillatory nature",
"7": "due to supersonic nature",
"8": "due to compressible nature",
"9": "due to capillary nature"
} | 2 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_122887610_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In fact, taking into account numerical aspects, these problems are quite sensitive, due to the multiple wave reflections that occur. As one can... | {
"1": "it corrects the BEM phase lag tendency",
"2": "it reduces the BEM numerical damping by 10%",
"3": "it corrects the FEM numerical damping tendency",
"4": "it corrects the BEM aliasing tendency",
"5": "it neutralizes the BEM numerical dispersion tendency",
"6": "it exacerbates the BEM numerical dampin... | 7 | 8 | nota_correct | |
pes2o_244778995_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The MIKE SHE model grid cells are discretized at a spatial resolution of 30 m. The model subsurface is divided into an unsaturated zone (UZ) an... | {
"1": "provided that the lithology is granite",
"2": "provided that the cell size is 1.0 m",
"3": "provided that the weathered zone is absent",
"4": "provided that the depth exceeds 10 meters",
"5": "provided that the depth exceeds 5 meters"
} | 4 | 5 | null | |
pes2o_116052654_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
A well test analysis model for fractured and vuggy carbonate reservoir of wells drilling in large scale cave considering wellbore storage and s... | {
"1": "provides higher accuracy than dual-porosity models",
"2": "utilizes steady-state assumptions",
"3": "attributes the steepness of the hump solely to the storage ratio",
"4": "outperforms equivalent continuum formulations only in vuggy zones",
"5": "surpasses dual-porosity formulations by neglecting wel... | 6 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_123709482_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The Campus Test Site of the University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa, is underlain by a series of mudstones and sandstones from... | {
"1": "the work of Muskat (Muskat, 1937)",
"2": "the work of Hantush (Hantush, 1964)",
"3": "the work of Cooper (Cooper, 1964)",
"4": "the work of Neuman (Neuman, 1973)",
"5": "the work of Thiem (Thiem, 1906)",
"6": "the work of Papadopulos (Papadopulos, 1965)",
"7": "the work of Barker (Barker, 1988)",
... | 7 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_238700784_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Frac-packing is a special hydraulic fracturing technique developed in the early 1990s. It combines the stimulation advantages of highly conduct... | {
"1": "reduce its porosity",
"2": "reduce its permeability",
"3": "reduce its bulk density",
"4": "reduce its tortuosity",
"5": "reduce its viscosity",
"6": "increase its porosity",
"7": "reduce its relative permeability",
"8": "enhance its conductivity",
"9": "reduce its thermal conductivity",
"10... | 2 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_227240882_4 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Type curves of dimensionless pressure and its derivative of inclined well with dual-permeability behavior can be divided into eight flow regime... | {
"1": "unit-slope straight line",
"2": "unit-slope horizontal line",
"3": "0.5-value horizontal line",
"4": "decreasing slope straight line",
"5": "1.0-value horizontal line"
} | 3 | 5 | null | |
pes2o_251664092_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
New Type Rate Decline Curves for an AFVW in a Pore-Cavity-Fracture Carbonate Reservoir
When using conventional rate decline curves to inverse r... | {
"1": "Laplace forward transformation",
"2": "Laplace numerical approximation",
"3": "Hilbert transform",
"4": "Mellin transform",
"5": "Z-transform",
"6": "Fourier transform",
"7": "Laplace inverse transformation",
"8": "Laplace series expansion",
"9": "with Mellin transformation",
"10": "Mellin i... | 7 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_119132511_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Small frequency approximation of causal dissipative pressure waves. In this paper we discuss the problem of small frequency approximation of th... | {
"1": "because the thermal conductivity increases with temperature",
"2": "because the viscosity increases exponentially with temperature",
"3": "because the viscosity decreases with temperature",
"4": "because the bulk modulus increases with frequency",
"5": "because the viscosity decreases with strain rate... | 3 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_56011636_5 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
In order to obtain a significant improvement of M L det it is necessary to install at least one borehole station, indicatively at depths of at ... | {
"1": "due to the different detection thresholds of surface and borehole stations during high-noise periods",
"2": "due to the different detection thresholds of surface and borehole stations",
"3": "due to the different detection thresholds of surface and shallow stations",
"4": "due to the different detection... | 2 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_237720480_5 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The seemingly stable phenomenon observed in practice known as the quasi-steady state is essentially different from the influence radius conside... | {
"1": "rotating the curvilinear trapezoid bounded by a continuous curve z = s w (x), z-axis, line x = +∞, and line z = 0 once around the y-axis",
"2": "rotating the curvilinear trapezoid bounded by a continuous curve z = s w (x), z-axis, line x = +∞, and line z = 0 once around the z-axis"
} | 2 | 2 | null | |
pes2o_209433170_0 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
One of the prominent methods for carbon dioxide sequestration is disposal into deep saline aquifers. This is mainly because deep saline aquifer... | {
"1": "due to tidal loading",
"2": "induced by injection rate fluctuations",
"3": "due to structural compaction",
"4": "due to fault reactivation",
"5": "resulting from mineral dissolution",
"6": "due to fractures",
"7": "due to barometric fluctuations",
"8": "due to barometric effects",
"9": "due to... | 10 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_244026224_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
As one of the most robust methods, rate decline analysis has been widely used in well tests to predict well productivities and invert reservoir... | {
"1": "that the low permeability of unconventional reservoirs and the complex fracture network caused by CO2 huff-and-puff stimulation around the wellbores are",
"2": "that the low permeability of conventional sandstone reservoirs and the complex fracture network caused by hydraulic fracturing around the wellbores... | 4 | 5 | null | |
pes2o_208261861_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The estimation of skin zone permeability depends not only on the skin radius, but also on the mechanical skin factor and reservoir permeability... | {
"1": "the damage index and permeability",
"2": "the reservoir skin factor and porosity",
"3": "the boundary conditions and skin factor",
"4": "the reservoir skin factor and formation compressibility",
"5": "the effective stress and pore geometry",
"6": "the reservoir skin factor primarily",
"7": "the po... | 10 | 10 | nota_correct | |
pes2o_225955414_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The computation of formation constants is performed in three ways: Theis method, Cooper-Jacob method and chow method. The methods for determini... | {
"1": "the assumption of linear aquifer properties",
"2": "the assumption of unit storativity",
"3": "the assumption of constant K and R",
"4": "the assumption of steady-state flow conditions",
"5": "the assumption of turbulent flow regime",
"6": "the assumption of time-dependent T and S",
"7": "the assu... | 8 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_131202287_3 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The simulation study thus confirms that condensate deposit near the wellbore yields a well test composite behavior and an increase in the value... | {
"1": "decreasing interlayer cross flow coefficient due to interporosity viscosity factor",
"2": "decreasing interlayer cross flow coefficient due to fracture aperture reduction factor",
"3": "decreasing interlayer cross flow coefficient due to effective permeability decline from liquid blockage",
"4": "decrea... | 9 | 9 | null | |
pes2o_234412476_6 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Finding the optimum well spacing, that does not leave valuable acreage undrained, is a challenging task for petroleum engineers. The reason is ... | {
"1": "results in close matches between the Darcy law and ResFrac kick-off times",
"2": "results in close matches between the DOI formula and ResFrac fracture lengths",
"3": "results in close matches between the material balance equation and ResFrac kick-off times",
"4": "results in close matches between the D... | 5 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_239659254_5 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Barometric efficiency values were calculated and reported for each monitoring well. In wells P452 and P122 located on the EPSB, the estimated B... | {
"1": "the water table is relatively intermediate or the rock material generates confinement conditions",
"2": "the water table is relatively deep or the rock material generates semi-confinement conditions",
"3": "the water table is relatively deep or the rock material generates confinement conditions",
"4": "... | 3 | 5 | null | |
pes2o_246177572_2 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The greater the ratio of longitudinal permeability to horizontal permeability, the faster the bottom water advances upward, the earlier the hor... | {
"1": "the linear flow will gradually accelerate",
"2": "the bilinear flow will gradually disappear",
"3": "the linear flow will gradually disappear",
"4": "the turbulent flow will gradually disappear",
"5": "the laminar flow will gradually disappear",
"6": "the linear flow will remain constant",
"7": "t... | 3 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_219431346_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
The pattern of changes in the extraction concentration of drilling at different times shows that in the extraction time 0 to 60d, the initial c... | {
"1": "about 85 to 95% due to pressure depletion",
"2": "about 80 to 90% under adiabatic extraction conditions",
"3": "about 80 to 90% due to adsorption equilibrium",
"4": "about 80 to 90% due to permeability reduction",
"5": "about 80 to 90% due to pressure depletion",
"6": "about 80 to 90% due to stress ... | 5 | 8 | null | |
pes2o_155320636_4 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Ray-tracing is a method to describe the signal trajectory numerically and has three approaches: straight rays, ray bending, and network theory ... | {
"1": "since each line segment could have a strictly positive weight",
"2": "since each line segment could have a negative weight",
"3": "since each line segment could have a zero weight",
"4": "since each line segment could have a monotonically increasing weight",
"5": "since each line segment could have an... | 7 | 10 | null | |
pes2o_135358752_1 | pes2o | You are given a Petroleum Engineering passage with some content replaced by [MASK]. Carefully analyze the context and select the option that best fills in the [MASK].
PASSAGE:
Value of factor development (Fd) of well less than 0 day/m3 well can be classified as "very effective". Moreover value of C less than 0 minute2... | {
"1": "93.53% higher than inland artesian wells",
"2": "93.53% higher than typical coastal wells",
"3": "93.53% higher than typical unconfined sand wells",
"4": "93.53% comparable to typical coastal wells",
"5": "93.53% higher than typical desert wells",
"6": "93.53% higher than unlined shallow wells",
"... | 2 | 9 | null |
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