repo stringlengths 7 90 | file_url stringlengths 81 315 | file_path stringlengths 4 228 | content stringlengths 0 32.8k | language stringclasses 1
value | license stringclasses 7
values | commit_sha stringlengths 40 40 | retrieved_at stringdate 2026-01-04 14:38:15 2026-01-05 02:33:18 | truncated bool 2
classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/sorts/recursive_quick_sort.py | sorts/recursive_quick_sort.py | def quick_sort(data: list) -> list:
"""
>>> for data in ([2, 1, 0], [2.2, 1.1, 0], "quick_sort"):
... quick_sort(data) == sorted(data)
True
True
True
"""
if len(data) <= 1:
return data
else:
return [
*quick_sort([e for e in data[1:] if e <= data[0]]),
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/sorts/bubble_sort.py | sorts/bubble_sort.py | from typing import Any
def bubble_sort_iterative(collection: list[Any]) -> list[Any]:
"""Pure implementation of bubble sort algorithm in Python
:param collection: some mutable ordered collection with heterogeneous
comparable items inside
:return: the same collection ordered by ascending
Examples... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/sorts/shrink_shell_sort.py | sorts/shrink_shell_sort.py | """
This function implements the shell sort algorithm
which is slightly faster than its pure implementation.
This shell sort is implemented using a gap, which
shrinks by a certain factor each iteration. In this
implementation, the gap is initially set to the
length of the collection. The gap is then reduced by
a certa... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/sorts/merge_insertion_sort.py | sorts/merge_insertion_sort.py | """
This is a pure Python implementation of the merge-insertion sort algorithm
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merge-insertion_sort
For doctests run following command:
python3 -m doctest -v merge_insertion_sort.py
or
python -m doctest -v merge_insertion_sort.py
For manual testing run:
python3 merge_insertion_so... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/sorts/msd_radix_sort.py | sorts/msd_radix_sort.py | """
Python implementation of the MSD radix sort algorithm.
It used the binary representation of the integers to sort
them.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radix_sort
"""
from __future__ import annotations
def msd_radix_sort(list_of_ints: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""
Implementation of the MSD radix sort algorit... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/sorts/gnome_sort.py | sorts/gnome_sort.py | """
Gnome Sort Algorithm (A.K.A. Stupid Sort)
This algorithm iterates over a list comparing an element with the previous one.
If order is not respected, it swaps element backward until order is respected with
previous element. It resumes the initial iteration from element new position.
For doctests run following com... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/sorts/cocktail_shaker_sort.py | sorts/cocktail_shaker_sort.py | """
An implementation of the cocktail shaker sort algorithm in pure Python.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocktail_shaker_sort
"""
def cocktail_shaker_sort(arr: list[int]) -> list[int]:
"""
Sorts a list using the Cocktail Shaker Sort algorithm.
:param arr: List of elements to be sorted.
:return: Sor... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/cnn_classification.py | computer_vision/cnn_classification.py | """
Convolutional Neural Network
Objective : To train a CNN model detect if TB is present in Lung X-ray or not.
Resources CNN Theory :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_neural_network
Resources Tensorflow : https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/images/cnn
Download dataset from :
https://lhncbc.nlm.nih.g... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/intensity_based_segmentation.py | computer_vision/intensity_based_segmentation.py | # Source: "https://www.ijcse.com/docs/IJCSE11-02-03-117.pdf"
# Importing necessary libraries
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
def segment_image(image: np.ndarray, thresholds: list[int]) -> np.ndarray:
"""
Performs image segmentation based on intensity thresholds.
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/flip_augmentation.py | computer_vision/flip_augmentation.py | import glob
import os
import random
from string import ascii_lowercase, digits
import cv2
"""
Flip image and bounding box for computer vision task
https://paperswithcode.com/method/randomhorizontalflip
"""
# Params
LABEL_DIR = ""
IMAGE_DIR = ""
OUTPUT_DIR = ""
FLIP_TYPE = 1 # (0 is vertical, 1 is horizontal)
def ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/harris_corner.py | computer_vision/harris_corner.py | import cv2
import numpy as np
"""
Harris Corner Detector
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Corner_Detector
"""
class HarrisCorner:
def __init__(self, k: float, window_size: int):
"""
k : is an empirically determined constant in [0.04,0.06]
window_size : neighbourhoods considered
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/mean_threshold.py | computer_vision/mean_threshold.py | from PIL import Image
"""
Mean thresholding algorithm for image processing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thresholding_(image_processing)
"""
def mean_threshold(image: Image) -> Image:
"""
image: is a grayscale PIL image object
"""
height, width = image.size
mean = 0
pixels = image.load()
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/__init__.py | computer_vision/__init__.py | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false | |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/haralick_descriptors.py | computer_vision/haralick_descriptors.py | """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_texture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-occurrence_matrix#Application_to_image_analysis
"""
import imageio.v2 as imageio
import numpy as np
def root_mean_square_error(original: np.ndarray, reference: np.ndarray) -> float:
"""Simple implementation of Root Mean Squared Erro... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/horn_schunck.py | computer_vision/horn_schunck.py | """
The Horn-Schunck method estimates the optical flow for every single pixel of
a sequence of images.
It works by assuming brightness constancy between two consecutive frames
and smoothness in the optical flow.
Useful resources:
Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horn%E2%80%93Schunck_method
Paper: http://image.... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/mosaic_augmentation.py | computer_vision/mosaic_augmentation.py | """Source: https://github.com/jason9075/opencv-mosaic-data-aug"""
import glob
import os
import random
from string import ascii_lowercase, digits
import cv2
import numpy as np
# Parameters
OUTPUT_SIZE = (720, 1280) # Height, Width
SCALE_RANGE = (0.4, 0.6) # if height or width lower than this scale, drop it.
FILTER_... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/computer_vision/pooling_functions.py | computer_vision/pooling_functions.py | # Source : https://computersciencewiki.org/index.php/Max-pooling_/_Pooling
# Importing the libraries
import numpy as np
from PIL import Image
# Maxpooling Function
def maxpooling(arr: np.ndarray, size: int, stride: int) -> np.ndarray:
"""
This function is used to perform maxpooling on the input array of 2D ma... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/networking_flow/ford_fulkerson.py | networking_flow/ford_fulkerson.py | """
Ford-Fulkerson Algorithm for Maximum Flow Problem
* https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford%E2%80%93Fulkerson_algorithm
Description:
(1) Start with initial flow as 0
(2) Choose the augmenting path from source to sink and add the path to flow
"""
graph = [
[0, 16, 13, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 10, 12, 0, 0],
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/networking_flow/minimum_cut.py | networking_flow/minimum_cut.py | # Minimum cut on Ford_Fulkerson algorithm.
test_graph = [
[0, 16, 13, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 10, 12, 0, 0],
[0, 4, 0, 0, 14, 0],
[0, 0, 9, 0, 0, 20],
[0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 4],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
]
def bfs(graph, s, t, parent):
# Return True if there is node that has not iterated.
visited = [Fals... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/networking_flow/__init__.py | networking_flow/__init__.py | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false | |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/or_gate.py | boolean_algebra/or_gate.py | """
An OR Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 0 (False) if both the
inputs are 0, and 1 (True) otherwise.
Following is the truth table of an AND Gate:
------------------------------
| Input 1 | Input 2 | Output |
------------------------------
| 0 | 0 | 0 |
| ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/xor_gate.py | boolean_algebra/xor_gate.py | """
A XOR Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 1 (True) if only one of
the two inputs is 1, and 0 (False) if an even number of inputs are 1.
Following is the truth table of a XOR Gate:
------------------------------
| Input 1 | Input 2 | Output |
------------------------------
| 0... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/xnor_gate.py | boolean_algebra/xnor_gate.py | """
A XNOR Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 0 (False) if both the
inputs are different, and 1 (True), if the inputs are same.
It's similar to adding a NOT gate to an XOR gate
Following is the truth table of a XNOR Gate:
------------------------------
| Input 1 | Input 2 | Output |
-... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/karnaugh_map_simplification.py | boolean_algebra/karnaugh_map_simplification.py | """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnaugh_map
https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/technical-articles/karnaugh-map-boolean-algebraic-simplification-technique
"""
def simplify_kmap(kmap: list[list[int]]) -> str:
"""
Simplify the Karnaugh map.
>>> simplify_kmap(kmap=[[0, 1], [1, 1]])
"A'B + AB' + AB"
>... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/imply_gate.py | boolean_algebra/imply_gate.py | """
An IMPLY Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 1 if
either input 1 is 0, or if input 1 is 1, then the output is 1 only if input 2 is 1.
It is true if input 1 implies input 2.
Following is the truth table of an IMPLY Gate:
------------------------------
| Input 1 | Input 2 | Output |
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/quine_mc_cluskey.py | boolean_algebra/quine_mc_cluskey.py | from __future__ import annotations
from collections.abc import Sequence
from typing import Literal
def compare_string(string1: str, string2: str) -> str | Literal[False]:
"""
>>> compare_string('0010','0110')
'0_10'
>>> compare_string('0110','1101')
False
"""
list1 = list(string1)
li... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/and_gate.py | boolean_algebra/and_gate.py | """
An AND Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 1 (True) if all the
inputs are 1 (True), and 0 (False) otherwise.
Following is the truth table of a Two Input AND Gate:
------------------------------
| Input 1 | Input 2 | Output |
------------------------------
| 0 | 0 | ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/nimply_gate.py | boolean_algebra/nimply_gate.py | """
An NIMPLY Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 0 if
either input 1 is 0, or if input 1 is 1, then it is 0 only if input 2 is 1.
It is false if input 1 implies input 2. It is the negated form of imply
Following is the truth table of an NIMPLY Gate:
------------------------------
| Input ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/__init__.py | boolean_algebra/__init__.py | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false | |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/not_gate.py | boolean_algebra/not_gate.py | """
A NOT Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 0 (False) if the
input is high, and 1 (True) if the input is low.
Following is the truth table of a XOR Gate:
------------------------------
| Input | Output |
------------------------------
| 0 | 1 |
| 1 | 0 ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/nand_gate.py | boolean_algebra/nand_gate.py | """
A NAND Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results to 0 (False) if both
the inputs are 1, and 1 (True) otherwise. It's similar to adding
a NOT gate along with an AND gate.
Following is the truth table of a NAND Gate:
------------------------------
| Input 1 | Input 2 | Output |
---------------... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/multiplexer.py | boolean_algebra/multiplexer.py | def mux(input0: int, input1: int, select: int) -> int:
"""
Implement a 2-to-1 Multiplexer.
:param input0: The first input value (0 or 1).
:param input1: The second input value (0 or 1).
:param select: The select signal (0 or 1) to choose between input0 and input1.
:return: The output based on t... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/boolean_algebra/nor_gate.py | boolean_algebra/nor_gate.py | """
A NOR Gate is a logic gate in boolean algebra which results in false(0) if any of the
inputs is 1, and True(1) if all inputs are 0.
Following is the truth table of a NOR Gate:
Truth Table of NOR Gate:
| Input 1 | Input 2 | Output |
| 0 | 0 | 1 |
| 0 | 1 | 0 ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/docs/__init__.py | docs/__init__.py | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false | |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/docs/conf.py | docs/conf.py | from sphinx_pyproject import SphinxConfig
project = SphinxConfig("../pyproject.toml", globalns=globals()).name
| python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/docs/source/__init__.py | docs/source/__init__.py | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false | |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/breadth_first_search_zero_one_shortest_path.py | graphs/breadth_first_search_zero_one_shortest_path.py | """
Finding the shortest path in 0-1-graph in O(E + V) which is faster than dijkstra.
0-1-graph is the weighted graph with the weights equal to 0 or 1.
Link: https://codeforces.com/blog/entry/22276
"""
from __future__ import annotations
from collections import deque
from collections.abc import Iterator
from dataclass... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/even_tree.py | graphs/even_tree.py | """
You are given a tree(a simple connected graph with no cycles). The tree has N
nodes numbered from 1 to N and is rooted at node 1.
Find the maximum number of edges you can remove from the tree to get a forest
such that each connected component of the forest contains an even number of
nodes.
Constraints
2 <= 2 <= 1... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/graph_list.py | graphs/graph_list.py | #!/usr/bin/env python3
# Author: OMKAR PATHAK, Nwachukwu Chidiebere
# Use a Python dictionary to construct the graph.
from __future__ import annotations
from pprint import pformat
from typing import TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
class GraphAdjacencyList[T]:
"""
Adjacency List type Graph Data Structure that acc... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/edmonds_karp_multiple_source_and_sink.py | graphs/edmonds_karp_multiple_source_and_sink.py | class FlowNetwork:
def __init__(self, graph, sources, sinks):
self.source_index = None
self.sink_index = None
self.graph = graph
self._normalize_graph(sources, sinks)
self.vertices_count = len(graph)
self.maximum_flow_algorithm = None
# make only one source and ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/dinic.py | graphs/dinic.py | INF = float("inf")
class Dinic:
def __init__(self, n):
self.lvl = [0] * n
self.ptr = [0] * n
self.q = [0] * n
self.adj = [[] for _ in range(n)]
"""
Here we will add our edges containing with the following parameters:
vertex closest to source, vertex closest to sink and... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/greedy_min_vertex_cover.py | graphs/greedy_min_vertex_cover.py | """
* Author: Manuel Di Lullo (https://github.com/manueldilullo)
* Description: Approximization algorithm for minimum vertex cover problem.
Greedy Approach. Uses graphs represented with an adjacency list
URL: https://mathworld.wolfram.com/MinimumVertexCover.html
URL: https://cs.stackexchange.com/question... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/basic_graphs.py | graphs/basic_graphs.py | from collections import deque
def _input(message):
return input(message).strip().split(" ")
def initialize_unweighted_directed_graph(
node_count: int, edge_count: int
) -> dict[int, list[int]]:
graph: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
for i in range(node_count):
graph[i + 1] = []
for e in range... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/g_topological_sort.py | graphs/g_topological_sort.py | # Author: Phyllipe Bezerra (https://github.com/pmba)
clothes = {
0: "underwear",
1: "pants",
2: "belt",
3: "suit",
4: "shoe",
5: "socks",
6: "shirt",
7: "tie",
8: "watch",
}
graph = [[1, 4], [2, 4], [3], [], [], [4], [2, 7], [3], []]
visited = [0 for x in range(len(graph))]
stack ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/breadth_first_search_shortest_path.py | graphs/breadth_first_search_shortest_path.py | """Breath First Search (BFS) can be used when finding the shortest path
from a given source node to a target node in an unweighted graph.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
graph = {
"A": ["B", "C", "E"],
"B": ["A", "D", "E"],
"C": ["A", "F", "G"],
"D": ["B"],
"E": ["A", "B", "D"],
"F": ["... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/connected_components.py | graphs/connected_components.py | """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_(graph_theory)
Finding connected components in graph
"""
test_graph_1 = {0: [1, 2], 1: [0, 3], 2: [0], 3: [1], 4: [5, 6], 5: [4, 6], 6: [4, 5]}
test_graph_2 = {0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [0, 3], 2: [0], 3: [0, 1], 4: [], 5: []}
def dfs(graph: dict, vert: int, visited: list) -> li... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/gale_shapley_bigraph.py | graphs/gale_shapley_bigraph.py | from __future__ import annotations
def stable_matching(
donor_pref: list[list[int]], recipient_pref: list[list[int]]
) -> list[int]:
"""
Finds the stable match in any bipartite graph, i.e a pairing where no 2 objects
prefer each other over their partner. The function accepts the preferences of
oe... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/depth_first_search_2.py | graphs/depth_first_search_2.py | #!/usr/bin/python
"""Author: OMKAR PATHAK"""
class Graph:
def __init__(self):
self.vertex = {}
# for printing the Graph vertices
def print_graph(self) -> None:
"""
Print the graph vertices.
Example:
>>> g = Graph()
>>> g.add_edge(0, 1)
>>> g.add_e... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/greedy_best_first.py | graphs/greedy_best_first.py | """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-first_search#Greedy_BFS
"""
from __future__ import annotations
Path = list[tuple[int, int]]
# 0's are free path whereas 1's are obstacles
TEST_GRIDS = [
[
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0,... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/minimum_path_sum.py | graphs/minimum_path_sum.py | def min_path_sum(grid: list) -> int:
"""
Find the path from top left to bottom right of array of numbers
with the lowest possible sum and return the sum along this path.
>>> min_path_sum([
... [1, 3, 1],
... [1, 5, 1],
... [4, 2, 1],
... ])
7
>>> min_path_sum([
.... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/bidirectional_search.py | graphs/bidirectional_search.py | """
Bidirectional Search Algorithm.
This algorithm searches from both the source and target nodes simultaneously,
meeting somewhere in the middle. This approach can significantly reduce the
search space compared to a traditional one-directional search.
Time Complexity: O(b^(d/2)) where b is the branching factor and d... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/deep_clone_graph.py | graphs/deep_clone_graph.py | """
LeetCode 133. Clone Graph
https://leetcode.com/problems/clone-graph/
Given a reference of a node in a connected undirected graph.
Return a deep copy (clone) of the graph.
Each node in the graph contains a value (int) and a list (List[Node]) of its
neighbors.
"""
from dataclasses import dataclass
@dataclass
cl... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/bidirectional_breadth_first_search.py | graphs/bidirectional_breadth_first_search.py | """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_search
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import time
Path = list[tuple[int, int]]
grid = [
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], # 0 are free path whereas 1's are obstacles
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[1, 0, 1, 0, 0,... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/dijkstra_binary_grid.py | graphs/dijkstra_binary_grid.py | """
This script implements the Dijkstra algorithm on a binary grid.
The grid consists of 0s and 1s, where 1 represents
a walkable node and 0 represents an obstacle.
The algorithm finds the shortest path from a start node to a destination node.
Diagonal movement can be allowed or disallowed.
"""
from heapq import heapp... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py | graphs/frequent_pattern_graph_miner.py | """
FP-GraphMiner - A Fast Frequent Pattern Mining Algorithm for Network Graphs
A novel Frequent Pattern Graph Mining algorithm, FP-GraphMiner, that compactly
represents a set of network graphs as a Frequent Pattern Graph (or FP-Graph).
This graph can be used to efficiently mine frequent subgraphs including maximal
fr... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/check_cycle.py | graphs/check_cycle.py | """
Program to check if a cycle is present in a given graph
"""
def check_cycle(graph: dict) -> bool:
"""
Returns True if graph is cyclic else False
>>> check_cycle(graph={0:[], 1:[0, 3], 2:[0, 4], 3:[5], 4:[5], 5:[]})
False
>>> check_cycle(graph={0:[1, 2], 1:[2], 2:[0, 3], 3:[3]})
True
""... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/tarjans_scc.py | graphs/tarjans_scc.py | from collections import deque
def tarjan(g: list[list[int]]) -> list[list[int]]:
"""
Tarjan's algo for finding strongly connected components in a directed graph
Uses two main attributes of each node to track reachability, the index of that node
within a component(index), and the lowest index reachabl... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/prim.py | graphs/prim.py | """Prim's Algorithm.
Determines the minimum spanning tree(MST) of a graph using the Prim's Algorithm.
Details: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prim%27s_algorithm
"""
import heapq as hq
import math
from collections.abc import Iterator
class Vertex:
"""Class Vertex."""
def __init__(self, id_):
"""
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/multi_heuristic_astar.py | graphs/multi_heuristic_astar.py | import heapq
import sys
import numpy as np
TPos = tuple[int, int]
class PriorityQueue:
def __init__(self):
self.elements = []
self.set = set()
def minkey(self):
if not self.empty():
return self.elements[0][0]
else:
return float("inf")
def empty(s... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/articulation_points.py | graphs/articulation_points.py | # Finding Articulation Points in Undirected Graph
def compute_ap(graph):
n = len(graph)
out_edge_count = 0
low = [0] * n
visited = [False] * n
is_art = [False] * n
def dfs(root, at, parent, out_edge_count):
if parent == root:
out_edge_count += 1
visited[at] = True
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/breadth_first_search_shortest_path_2.py | graphs/breadth_first_search_shortest_path_2.py | """Breadth-first search the shortest path implementations.
doctest:
python -m doctest -v breadth_first_search_shortest_path_2.py
Manual test:
python breadth_first_search_shortest_path_2.py
"""
from collections import deque
demo_graph = {
"A": ["B", "C", "E"],
"B": ["A", "D", "E"],
"C": ["A", "F", "G"],
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/markov_chain.py | graphs/markov_chain.py | from __future__ import annotations
from collections import Counter
from random import random
class MarkovChainGraphUndirectedUnweighted:
"""
Undirected Unweighted Graph for running Markov Chain Algorithm
"""
def __init__(self):
self.connections = {}
def add_node(self, node: str) -> None... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/lanczos_eigenvectors.py | graphs/lanczos_eigenvectors.py | """
Lanczos Method for Finding Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors of a Graph.
This module demonstrates the Lanczos method to approximate the largest eigenvalues
and corresponding eigenvectors of a symmetric matrix represented as a graph's
adjacency list. The method efficiently handles large, sparse matrices by converting
th... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/ant_colony_optimization_algorithms.py | graphs/ant_colony_optimization_algorithms.py | """
Use an ant colony optimization algorithm to solve the travelling salesman problem (TSP)
which asks the following question:
"Given a list of cities and the distances between each pair of cities, what is the
shortest possible route that visits each city exactly once and returns to the origin
city?"
https://en.wiki... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/bidirectional_a_star.py | graphs/bidirectional_a_star.py | """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidirectional_search
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import time
from math import sqrt
# 1 for manhattan, 0 for euclidean
HEURISTIC = 0
grid = [
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
[0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0], # 0 are free path whereas 1's are obstacles
[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/kahns_algorithm_topo.py | graphs/kahns_algorithm_topo.py | def topological_sort(graph: dict[int, list[int]]) -> list[int] | None:
"""
Perform topological sorting of a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
using Kahn's Algorithm via Breadth-First Search (BFS).
Topological sorting is a linear ordering of vertices in a graph such that for
every directed edge u → v, ve... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/matching_min_vertex_cover.py | graphs/matching_min_vertex_cover.py | """
* Author: Manuel Di Lullo (https://github.com/manueldilullo)
* Description: Approximization algorithm for minimum vertex cover problem.
Matching Approach. Uses graphs represented with an adjacency list
URL: https://mathworld.wolfram.com/MinimumVertexCover.html
URL: https://www.princeton.edu/~aaa/Pub... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/dijkstra_2.py | graphs/dijkstra_2.py | def print_dist(dist, v):
print("\nVertex Distance")
for i in range(v):
if dist[i] != float("inf"):
print(i, "\t", int(dist[i]), end="\t")
else:
print(i, "\t", "INF", end="\t")
print()
def min_dist(mdist, vset, v):
min_val = float("inf")
min_ind = -1
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/scc_kosaraju.py | graphs/scc_kosaraju.py | from __future__ import annotations
def dfs(u):
global graph, reversed_graph, scc, component, visit, stack
if visit[u]:
return
visit[u] = True
for v in graph[u]:
dfs(v)
stack.append(u)
def dfs2(u):
global graph, reversed_graph, scc, component, visit, stack
if visit[u]:
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/page_rank.py | graphs/page_rank.py | """
Author: https://github.com/bhushan-borole
"""
"""
The input graph for the algorithm is:
A B C
A 0 1 1
B 0 0 1
C 1 0 0
"""
graph = [[0, 1, 1], [0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0]]
class Node:
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name
self.inbound = []
self.outbound = []
def add_inbound(sel... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/graph_adjacency_matrix.py | graphs/graph_adjacency_matrix.py | #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Author: Vikram Nithyanandam
Description:
The following implementation is a robust unweighted Graph data structure
implemented using an adjacency matrix. This vertices and edges of this graph can be
effectively initialized and modified while storing your chosen generic
value in each vertex.
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal.py | graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal.py | def kruskal(
num_nodes: int, edges: list[tuple[int, int, int]]
) -> list[tuple[int, int, int]]:
"""
>>> kruskal(4, [(0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5), (2, 3, 1)])
[(2, 3, 1), (0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5)]
>>> kruskal(4, [(0, 1, 3), (1, 2, 5), (2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (0, 3, 2)])
[(2, 3, 1), (0, 2, 1), (0, 1, 3)]
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/kahns_algorithm_long.py | graphs/kahns_algorithm_long.py | # Finding longest distance in Directed Acyclic Graph using KahnsAlgorithm
def longest_distance(graph):
indegree = [0] * len(graph)
queue = []
long_dist = [1] * len(graph)
for values in graph.values():
for i in values:
indegree[i] += 1
for i in range(len(indegree)):
if i... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims.py | graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims.py | import sys
from collections import defaultdict
class Heap:
def __init__(self):
self.node_position = []
def get_position(self, vertex):
return self.node_position[vertex]
def set_position(self, vertex, pos):
self.node_position[vertex] = pos
def top_to_bottom(self, heap, start,... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/dijkstra_alternate.py | graphs/dijkstra_alternate.py | from __future__ import annotations
class Graph:
def __init__(self, vertices: int) -> None:
"""
>>> graph = Graph(2)
>>> graph.vertices
2
>>> len(graph.graph)
2
>>> len(graph.graph[0])
2
"""
self.vertices = vertices
self.graph ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/breadth_first_search_2.py | graphs/breadth_first_search_2.py | """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breadth-first_search
pseudo-code:
breadth_first_search(graph G, start vertex s):
// all nodes initially unexplored
mark s as explored
let Q = queue data structure, initialized with s
while Q is non-empty:
remove the first node of Q, call it v
for each edge(v, w): // for w in g... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/karger.py | graphs/karger.py | """
An implementation of Karger's Algorithm for partitioning a graph.
"""
from __future__ import annotations
import random
# Adjacency list representation of this graph:
# https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Single_run_of_Karger%E2%80%99s_Mincut_algorithm.svg
TEST_GRAPH = {
"1": ["2", "3", "4", "5"],
"2": ["1... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/depth_first_search.py | graphs/depth_first_search.py | """Non recursive implementation of a DFS algorithm."""
from __future__ import annotations
def depth_first_search(graph: dict, start: str) -> set[str]:
"""Depth First Search on Graph
:param graph: directed graph in dictionary format
:param start: starting vertex as a string
:returns: the trace of the ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/dijkstra_algorithm.py | graphs/dijkstra_algorithm.py | # Title: Dijkstra's Algorithm for finding single source shortest path from scratch
# Author: Shubham Malik
# References: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm
import math
import sys
# For storing the vertex set to retrieve node with the lowest distance
class PriorityQueue:
# Based on Min Heap
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/bellman_ford.py | graphs/bellman_ford.py | from __future__ import annotations
def print_distance(distance: list[float], src):
print(f"Vertex\tShortest Distance from vertex {src}")
for i, d in enumerate(distance):
print(f"{i}\t\t{d}")
def check_negative_cycle(
graph: list[dict[str, int]], distance: list[float], edge_count: int
):
for ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/random_graph_generator.py | graphs/random_graph_generator.py | """
* Author: Manuel Di Lullo (https://github.com/manueldilullo)
* Description: Random graphs generator.
Uses graphs represented with an adjacency list.
URL: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_graph
"""
import random
def random_graph(
vertices_number: int, probability: float, directed: bool = F... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/check_bipatrite.py | graphs/check_bipatrite.py | from collections import defaultdict, deque
def is_bipartite_dfs(graph: dict[int, list[int]]) -> bool:
"""
Check if a graph is bipartite using depth-first search (DFS).
Args:
`graph`: Adjacency list representing the graph.
Returns:
``True`` if bipartite, ``False`` otherwise.
Chec... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/breadth_first_search.py | graphs/breadth_first_search.py | #!/usr/bin/python
"""Author: OMKAR PATHAK"""
from __future__ import annotations
from queue import Queue
class Graph:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.vertices: dict[int, list[int]] = {}
def print_graph(self) -> None:
"""
prints adjacency list representation of graaph
>>> g ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims2.py | graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_prims2.py | """
Prim's (also known as Jarník's) algorithm is a greedy algorithm that finds a minimum
spanning tree for a weighted undirected graph. This means it finds a subset of the
edges that forms a tree that includes every vertex, where the total weight of all the
edges in the tree is minimized. The algorithm operates by buil... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/__init__.py | graphs/__init__.py | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false | |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py | graphs/eulerian_path_and_circuit_for_undirected_graph.py | # Eulerian Path is a path in graph that visits every edge exactly once.
# Eulerian Circuit is an Eulerian Path which starts and ends on the same
# vertex.
# time complexity is O(V+E)
# space complexity is O(VE)
# using dfs for finding eulerian path traversal
def dfs(u, graph, visited_edge, path=None):
path = (pat... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/dijkstra.py | graphs/dijkstra.py | """
pseudo-code
DIJKSTRA(graph G, start vertex s, destination vertex d):
//all nodes initially unexplored
1 - let H = min heap data structure, initialized with 0 and s [here 0 indicates
the distance from start vertex s]
2 - while H is non-empty:
3 - remove the first node and cost of H, call it U and cost
4... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/boruvka.py | graphs/boruvka.py | """Borůvka's algorithm.
Determines the minimum spanning tree (MST) of a graph using the Borůvka's algorithm.
Borůvka's algorithm is a greedy algorithm for finding a minimum spanning tree in a
connected graph, or a minimum spanning forest if a graph that is not connected.
The time complexity of this algorithm is O(ELo... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal2.py | graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal2.py | from __future__ import annotations
from typing import TypeVar
T = TypeVar("T")
class DisjointSetTreeNode[T]:
# Disjoint Set Node to store the parent and rank
def __init__(self, data: T) -> None:
self.data = data
self.parent = self
self.rank = 0
class DisjointSetTree[T]:
# Disjo... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/directed_and_undirected_weighted_graph.py | graphs/directed_and_undirected_weighted_graph.py | from collections import deque
from math import floor
from random import random
from time import time
# the default weight is 1 if not assigned but all the implementation is weighted
class DirectedGraph:
def __init__(self):
self.graph = {}
# adding vertices and edges
# adding the weight is option... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/bi_directional_dijkstra.py | graphs/bi_directional_dijkstra.py | """
Bi-directional Dijkstra's algorithm.
A bi-directional approach is an efficient and
less time consuming optimization for Dijkstra's
searching algorithm
Reference: shorturl.at/exHM7
"""
# Author: Swayam Singh (https://github.com/practice404)
from queue import PriorityQueue
from typing import Any
import numpy as ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/strongly_connected_components.py | graphs/strongly_connected_components.py | """
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_connected_component
Finding strongly connected components in directed graph
"""
test_graph_1 = {0: [2, 3], 1: [0], 2: [1], 3: [4], 4: []}
test_graph_2 = {0: [1, 2, 3], 1: [2], 2: [0], 3: [4], 4: [5], 5: [3]}
def topology_sort(
graph: dict[int, list[int]], vert: int, ... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py | graphs/minimum_spanning_tree_boruvka.py | class Graph:
"""
Data structure to store graphs (based on adjacency lists)
"""
def __init__(self):
self.num_vertices = 0
self.num_edges = 0
self.adjacency = {}
def add_vertex(self, vertex):
"""
Adds a vertex to the graph
"""
if vertex not in... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/graph_adjacency_list.py | graphs/graph_adjacency_list.py | #!/usr/bin/env python3
"""
Author: Vikram Nithyanandam
Description:
The following implementation is a robust unweighted Graph data structure
implemented using an adjacency list. This vertices and edges of this graph can be
effectively initialized and modified while storing your chosen generic
value in each vertex.
Ad... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py | graphs/graphs_floyd_warshall.py | # floyd_warshall.py
"""
The problem is to find the shortest distance between all pairs of vertices in a
weighted directed graph that can have negative edge weights.
"""
def _print_dist(dist, v):
print("\nThe shortest path matrix using Floyd Warshall algorithm\n")
for i in range(v):
for j in range(v):
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/finding_bridges.py | graphs/finding_bridges.py | """
An edge is a bridge if, after removing it count of connected components in graph will
be increased by one. Bridges represent vulnerabilities in a connected network and are
useful for designing reliable networks. For example, in a wired computer network, an
articulation point indicates the critical computers and a b... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/a_star.py | graphs/a_star.py | from __future__ import annotations
DIRECTIONS = [
[-1, 0], # left
[0, -1], # down
[1, 0], # right
[0, 1], # up
]
# function to search the path
def search(
grid: list[list[int]],
init: list[int],
goal: list[int],
cost: int,
heuristic: list[list[int]],
) -> tuple[list[list[int]]... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_prim.py | graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_prim.py | from collections import defaultdict
from graphs.minimum_spanning_tree_prims import prisms_algorithm as mst
def test_prim_successful_result():
num_nodes, num_edges = 9, 14 # noqa: F841
edges = [
[0, 1, 4],
[0, 7, 8],
[1, 2, 8],
[7, 8, 7],
[7, 6, 1],
[2, 8, 2],
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/tests/__init__.py | graphs/tests/__init__.py | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false | |
TheAlgorithms/Python | https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4/graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_kruskal.py | graphs/tests/test_min_spanning_tree_kruskal.py | from graphs.minimum_spanning_tree_kruskal import kruskal
def test_kruskal_successful_result():
num_nodes = 9
edges = [
[0, 1, 4],
[0, 7, 8],
[1, 2, 8],
[7, 8, 7],
[7, 6, 1],
[2, 8, 2],
[8, 6, 6],
[2, 3, 7],
[2, 5, 4],
[6, 5, 2],
... | python | MIT | 2c15b8c54eb8130e83640fe1d911c10eb6cd70d4 | 2026-01-04T14:38:15.231112Z | false |
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